Learning Analytics on the African Continent
An Emerging Research Focus and Practice
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18608/jla.2022.7539Keywords:
learning analytics, Africa, Global South, scoping review, research paperAbstract
While learning analytics (LA) has been highlighted as a field aiming to address systemic equity and quality issues within educational systems between and within regions, to date, its adoption is predominantly in the Global North. Since the Society for Learning Analytics Research (SoLAR) aspires to be international in reach and relevance, and to increase the diversity and inclusivity of the SoLAR community, it is pertinent to look at learning analytics use in higher education institutions in Africa. This paper reports the first scoping review of research in the field of LA conducted on the African continent. The coding and analysis show that LA research is still in its infancy on the African continent with only 15 studies, overwhelmingly from South Africa. The study also revealed several challenges, such as limited technical support and access to LMSs, the limited visibility of African scholars at SoLAR events and publication venues, and the limited focus on interventions that involve stakeholders. The article concludes with several propositions and provocations to advance the adoption of LA in Africa and open up space for critical conversations about the potential of learning analytics in contexts with characteristics different than those found in the Global North.
References
Allen, N. (2021, March 11). The promises and perils of Africa’s digital revolution. Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/techstream/the-promises-and-perils-of-africas-digital-revolution/
Arksey, H., & O’Malley, L. (2005). Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 8(1), 19–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364557032000119616
Arora, P. (2016). Bottom of the data pyramid: Big data and the global south. International Journal of Communication, 10, 1681–1699. Retrieved from https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/4297
Baker, R. S., & Inventado, P. S. (2016). Educational data mining and learning analytics: Potentials and possibilities for online education. In G. Veletsianos (Ed.), Emergence and innovation in digital learning: Foundations and applications (pp. 83–98). Athabasca University Press. https://doi.org/10.15215/aupress/9781771991490.01
Bervell, B., & Umar, I. N. (2017). A decade of LMS acceptance and adoption research in sub-Sahara African higher education: A systematic review of models, methodologies, milestones and main challenges. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 13(11), 7269–7286. https://doi.org/10.12973/ejmste/79444
Botha, J., & Vilyte, G. (Eds.). (2021). Utilisation of South African research on higher education. Stellenbosch, South Africa: Sun Press.
Business Market Insights. (2020). Middle East and Africa education and learning analytics market forecast to 2027: COVID-19 impact and regional analysis by component (software and services), application (budget and finance management, people acquisition and retention, operations management, performance management, and curriculum development and intervention management), and end-user (academics and corporate). https://www.businessmarketinsights.com/reports/middle-east-and-africa-education-and-learning-analytics-market/?utm_source=neighborwebsj.com&utm_medium=10426
Chen, G., Rolim, V., Mello, R. F., & Gašević, D. (2020). Let’s shine together! A comparative study between learning analytics and educational data mining. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge (LAK ’20), 23–27 March 2020, Frankfurt, Germany (pp. 544–553). ACM Press. https://doi.org/10.1145/3375462.3375500
Collyer, F. M. (2018). Global patterns in the publishing of academic knowledge: Global north, global south. Current Sociology, 66(1), 56–73. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392116680020
Cooper, S., Cant, R., Kelly, M., Levett-Jones, T., McKenna, L., Seaton, P., & Bogossian, F. (2019). An evidence-based checklist for improving scoping review quality. Clinical Nursing Research, 1054773819846024. https://doi.org/10.1177/1054773819846024
Couldry, N., & Mejias, U. A. (2019). The costs of connection: How data is colonising human life and appropriating it for capitalism. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Dawson, S., Joksimović, S., Poquet, O., & Siemens, G. (2019). Increasing the impact of learning analytics. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge (LAK ’19), 4–8 March 2019, Tempe, AZ, USA (pp. 446–455). ACM Press. https://doi.org/10.1145/3303772.3303784
de Oliveira Andreotti, V., Stein, S., Pashby, K., & Nicolson, M. (2016). Social cartographies as performative devices in research on higher education. Higher Education Research & Development, 35(1), 84–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2015.1125857
de Sousa Santos, B. (2012). Public sphere and epistemologies of the South. Africa Development, 37(1), 43–67. Retrieved from https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ad/article/view/87540
de Sousa Santos, B. (2015). Epistemologies of the South: Justice against epistemicide. London, UK: Routledge.
Dos Santos, H. L., Cechinel, C., Nunes, J. B. C., & Ochoa, X. (2017). An initial review of learning analytics in Latin America. Proceedings of the 12th Latin American Conference on Learning Objects and Technology (LACLO 2017), 9–13 October 2017, La Plata, Argentina (pp. 1–9). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/LACLO.2017.8120913
Falcão, T. P., Mello, R. F., Rodrigues, R. L., Diniz, J. R. B., Tsai, Y. S., & Gašević, D. (2020). Perceptions and expectations about learning analytics from a Brazilian higher education institution. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge (LAK ’20), 23–27 March 2020, Frankfurt, Germany (pp. 240–249). ACM Press. https://doi.org/10.1145/3375462.3375478
Ferguson, R. (2012). Learning analytics: Drivers, developments and challenges. International Journal of Technology Enhanced Learning, 4(5–6), 304–317. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTEL.2012.051816
Foster, C., & Francis, P. (2020). A systematic review on the deployment and effectiveness of data analytics in higher education to improve student outcomes. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 45(6), 822–841. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2019.1696945
Fynn, A. (2016). Ethical considerations in the practical application of the Unisa socio-critical model of student success. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 17(6). https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v17i6.2812
Gašević, D. (2018). Include us all! Directions for adoption of learning analytics in the global south. In C. P. Lim & V. L. Tinio (Eds.), Learning analytics for the global south (pp. 1–22). Digital Learning for Development (DL4D), Foundation for Information Technology Education and Development. Retrieved from http://dl4d.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Learning-Analytics-Main-Paper-2.pdf
GSMA. (2020). The mobile economy: Sub-Saharan Africa. Retrieved from https://www.gsma.com/mobileeconomy/sub-saharan-africa/
Hernández-Leal, E., Duque-Méndez, N. D., & Cechinel, C. (2021). Unveiling educational patterns at a regional level in Colombia: Data from elementary and public high school institutions. Heliyon, 7(9), e08017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08017
Hill, P. (2021, June 2). Personal communication on LMS growth in Africa.
Hilliger, I., Ortiz-Rojas, M., Pesántez-Cabrera, P., Scheihing, E., Tsai, Y. S., Muñoz-Merino, P. J., ... & Pérez-Sanagustín, M. (2020). Identifying needs for learning analytics adoption in Latin American universities: A mixed-methods approach. The Internet and Higher Education, 45, 100726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2020.100726
Hountondji, P. J. (1997). African cultures and globalisation: A call to resistance. Development and Cooperation, 6(November/December), 24–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2020.100726
Ifenthaler, D., & Yau, J. Y. K. (2020). Utilising learning analytics to support study success in higher education: A systematic review. Educational Technology Research and Development, 68(4), 1961–1990. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11423-020-09788-z
Internet World Stats. (2021, May 20). Internet users statistics for Africa. Retrieved from https://www.internetworldstats.com/stats1.htm
Ischebeck, J. (2020, December 5). 5 reasons for potential elearning failure in Africa. eLearning Industry. https://elearningindustry.com/reasons-for-potential-elearning-failure-in-sub-sahran-africa
Jöns, H., & Hoyler, M. (2013). Global geographies of higher education: The perspective of world university rankings. Geoforum, 46, 45–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2012.12.014
Kaliisa, R., Kluge, A., & Mørch, A. I. (2021a). Overcoming challenges to the adoption of learning analytics at the practitioner level: A critical analysis of 18 learning analytics frameworks. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2020.1869082
Kaliisa, R., Misiejuk, K., Irgens, G. A., & Misfeldt, M. (2021b). Scoping the emerging field of quantitative ethnography: Opportunities, challenges and future directions. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Advances in Quantitative Ethnography (ICQE 2020), 1–3 February 2021, Malibu, CA, USA (pp. 3–17). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67788-6
Kaliisa, R., & Michelle, P. (2019). Mobile learning policy and practice in Africa: Towards inclusive and equitable access to higher education. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 35(6), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.5562
Kizilcec, R. F., & Goldfarb, D. (2019). Growth mindset predicts student achievement and behavior in mobile learning. Proceedings of the 6th ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale (L@S 2019), 24–25 June 2019, Chicago, IL, USA (pp. 1–10). ACM Press. https://doi.org/10.1145/3330430.3333632
Kritzinger, A., Lemmens, J. C., & Potgieter, M. (2018). Learning strategies for first-year biology: Towards moving the “murky middle.” CBE: Life Sciences Education, 17(3), ar42. https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.17-10-0211
Lee, L. K., & Cheung, S. K. (2020). Learning analytics: Current trends and innovative practices. Journal of Computers in Education, 7(1), 1–6. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40692-020-00155-8
Lemay, D. J., Baek, C., & Doleck, T. (2021). Comparison of learning analytics and educational data mining: A topic modeling approach. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 2, 100016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2021.100016
Lemmens, J. C., & Henn, M. (2016). Learning analytics: A South African higher education perspective. In J. Botha & N. J. Muller (Eds.). Institutional Research in South African Higher Education (pp. 231–253). Stellenbosch: SUN PReSS. https://doi.org/10.18820/9781928357186/12
Levac, D., Colquhoun, H., & O’Brien, K. K. (2010). Scoping studies: Advancing the methodology. Implementation Science, 5(1), 1–9. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1748-5908-5-69
Major, L., Warwick, P., Rasmussen, I., Ludvigsen, S., & Cook, V. (2018). Classroom dialogue and digital technologies: A scoping review. Education and Information Technologies, 23(5), 1995–2028. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10639-018-9701-y
Maphosa, M., & Maphosa, V. (2020). Educational data mining in higher education in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic literature review and research agenda. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Intelligent and Innovative Computing Applications (ICONIC ’20), 24–25 September 2020, Plaine Magnien, Mauritius (pp. 1–7). ACM Press. https://doi.org/10.1145/3415088.3415096
McKenney, S., & Mor, Y. (2015). Supporting teachers in data‐informed educational design. British Journal of Educational Technology, 46(2), 265–279. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12262
Miles, D. A. (2017, August). Research methods and strategies workshop: A taxonomy of research gaps: Identifying and defining the seven research gaps. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319244623_ARTICLE_Research_Methods_and_Strategies_Workshop_A_Taxonomy_of_Research_Gaps_Identifying_and_Defining_the_Seven_Research_Gaps
Munn, Z., Peters, M. D., Stern, C., Tufanaru, C., McArthur, A., & Aromataris, E. (2018). Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 18(1), 1–7. Retrieved from https://bmcmedresmethodol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12874-018-0611-x
Mwalumbwe, I., & Mtebe, J. S. (2017). Using learning analytics to predict students’ performance in Moodle learning management system: A case of Mbeya University of Science and Technology. The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries, 79(1), 1–13. Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/j.1681-4835.2017.tb00577.x
Ojanen, E., Jere-Folotiya, J., Yalukanda, C., Sampa, F., Nshimbi, C., Katongo, M., ... & Lyytinen, H. (2015). Mobile solution for better reading instruction in rural Africa. Proceedings of the IST-Africa 2015 Conference, 6–8 May 2015, Lilongwe, Malawi (pp. 1–13). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISTAFRICA.2015.7190559
Oketch, M. (2016). Financing higher education in sub-Saharan Africa: Some reflections and implications for sustainable development. Higher Education, 72(4), 525–539. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10734-016-0044-6
Okewu, E., & Daramola, O. (2017). Design of a learning analytics system for academic advising in Nigerian universities. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Computing Networking and Informatics (ICCNI), 29–31 October 2017, Canaanland, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria (pp. 1–8). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCNI.2017.8123785
Olivier, J. (2020). Research ethics guidelines for personalized learning and teaching through big data. In D. Burgos (Ed.), Radical solutions and learning analytics: Personalised learning and teaching through big data (pp. 37–55). Singapore: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4526-9_3
Papamitsiou, Z. K., & Anastasios A. (2014). Learning analytics and educational data mining in practice: A systematic literature review of empirical evidence. Educational Technology & Society 17(4), 49–64. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/jeductechsoci.17.4.49
Pazmiño-Maji, R., Conde, M. Á., & García-Peñalvo, F. (2021). Learning analytics in Ecuador: A systematic review supported by statistical implicative analysis. Universal Access in the Information Society, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-020-00773-0
Popoola, S. I., Atayero, A. A., Badejo, J. A., John, T. M., Odukoya, J. A., & Omole, D. O. (2018). Learning analytics for smart campus: Data on academic performances of engineering undergraduates in Nigerian private university. Data in Brief, 17, 76–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2017.12.059
Prinsloo, P. (2018). Context matters: An African perspective on institutionalizing learning analytics. In C. P. Lim & V. L. Tinio (Eds.), Learning analytics for the global south (pp. 24–35). Digital Learning for Development (DL4D), Foundation for Information Technology Education and Development. Retrieved from http://dl4d.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Learning-Analytics-Full-Paper.pdf#page=29
Prinsloo, P. (2020). Data frontiers and frontiers of power in (higher) education: A view of/from the global south. Teaching in Higher Education, 25(4), 366–383. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2020.1723537
Prinsloo, P., & Slade, S. (2017). An elephant in the learning analytics room: The obligation to act. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge (LAK ’17), 13–17 March 2017, Vancouver, BC, Canada (pp. 46–55). ACM Press. https://doi.org/10.1145/3027385.3027406
Prinsloo, P., Slade, S., & Galpin, F. (2012). Learning analytics: Challenges, paradoxes and opportunities for mega open distance learning institutions. In S. Buckingham Shum, D. Gašević, & R. Ferguson (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge (LAK ʼ12), 29 April–2 May 2012, Vancouver, BC, Canada (pp. 130–133). ACM Press. https://doi.org/10.1145/2330601.2330635
Selwyn, N. (2020). Re-imagining “learning analytics” . . . a case for starting again? The Internet and Higher Education, 46, 100745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2020.100745
Siemens, G., & Baker, R. S. D. (2012). Learning analytics and educational data mining: Towards communication and collaboration. In S. Buckingham Shum, D. Gašević, & R. Ferguson (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge (LAK ʼ12), 29 April–2 May 2012, Vancouver, BC, Canada (pp. 252–254). ACM Press. https://doi.org/10.1145/2330601.2330661
SoLAR. (2021). Personal communication, 22 June 2021, regarding the number of African delegates.
Spikol, D., Ruffaldi, E., Dabisias, G., & Cukurova, M. (2018). Supervised machine learning in multimodal learning analytics for estimating success in project‐based learning. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 34(4), 366–377. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12263
Teferra, D., & Altbachl, P. G. (2004). African higher education: Challenges for the 21st century. Higher Education, 47(1), 21–50. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/B:HIGH.0000009822.49980.30
Templier, M., & Pare, G. (2018). Transparency in literature reviews: An assessment of reporting practices across review types and genres in top IS journals. European Journal of Information Systems, 27(5), 503–550. https://doi.org/10.1080/0960085X.2017.1398880
Torres, A. F. C., & Alburez-Gutierrez, D. (2021). North and south: Naming practices and the hidden dimension of global disparities in knowledge production (No. WP-2021-014). Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany.
Toshkov, D. (2018, November 6). The “global south” is a terrible term. Don’t use it. [blog post]. Retrieved from http://re-design.dimiter.eu/?p=969
Tricco, A. C., Lillie, E., Zarin, W., O’Brien, K. K., Colquhoun, H., Levac, D., Moher, D., Peters, M. D., Horsley, T., Weeks, L., Hempel, S., . . . Strauss, S. E. (2018). PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and explanation. Annals of Internal Medicine, 169(7), 467–473. https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850
Tsai, Y. S., Moreno-Marcos, P. M., Tammets, K., Kollom, K., & Gašević, D. (2018). SHEILA policy framework: Informing institutional strategies and policy processes of learning analytics. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge (LAK ’18), 5–9 March 2018, Sydney, NSW, Australia (pp. 320–329). ACM Press. https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850
Tsai, Y. S., Rates, D., Moreno-Marcos, P. M., Muñoz-Merino, P. J., Jivet, I., Scheffel, M., . . . & Gašević, D. (2020). Learning analytics in European higher education: Trends and barriers. Computers & Education, 155, 103933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.103933
Tuerk, M. (2020, June 9). Africa is the next frontier for the Internet. Forbes. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/miriamtuerk/2020/06/09/africa-is-the-next-frontier-for-the-internet/?sh=3086bfe49001
U.N. Broadband Commission. (2020). The state of broadband 2020: Broadband as a foundation for sustainable development. Retrieved from https://www.broadbandcommission.org/publication/the-state-of-broadband-2020/
University of Ghana. (2020). College of Education holds webinar series on the use of student data. Retrieved from https://www.ug.edu.gh/news/college-education-holds-webinar-series-use-student-data
Viberg, O., Hatakka, M., Bälter, O., & Mavroudi, A. (2018). The current landscape of learning analytics in higher education. Computers in Human Behavior, 89, 98–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.07.027
West, D., Tasir, Z., Luzeckyj, A., Na, K. S., Toohey, D., Abdullah, Z. . . . & Price, R. (2018). Learning analytics experience among academics in Australia and Malaysia: A comparison. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 34(3), 122–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.07.027
Williamson, B., Bayne, S., & Shay, S. (2020). The datafication of teaching in higher education: Critical issues and perspectives. Teaching in Higher Education, 25(4). https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2020.1748811
Willis, J. E., Slade, S., & Prinsloo, P. (2016). Ethical oversight of student data in learning analytics: A typology derived from a cross-continental, cross-institutional perspective. Educational Technology Research and Development, 64(5), 881–901. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11423-016-9463-4
Wong, B. T. M., & Li, K. C. (2020). A review of learning analytics intervention in higher education (2011–2018). Journal of Computers in Education, 7(1), 7–28. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40692-019-00143-7
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Journal of Learning Analytics
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
TEST